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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulated mRNA Transport

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

Regulated mRNA Transport

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells

A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells

Published on: June 16, 2022

Mechanisms coordinating ELAV/Hu mRNA regulons.

Laura E Simone¹, Jack D Keene

¹Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

|January 15, 2013

Summary

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) utilize 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) to regulate gene expression. ELAV/Hu proteins bind to AU-rich elements (AREs) on mRNAs, influencing stability and translation, potentially impacting cancer growth.

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Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

Published on: September 29, 2012

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells

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Published on: June 16, 2022

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

Published on: September 29, 2012

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Gene Regulation
RNA Biology

Background:

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) contain 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) crucial for post-transcriptional regulation.
Functional mRNA groups, or regulons, are coordinated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) within the ribonome.
Ribonomic methods enable the study of mRNA-RBP and mRNA-ncRNA interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of ELAV/Hu proteins in mRNA regulation.
To elucidate the mechanisms by which ELAV/Hu proteins affect mRNA stability and translation.
To explore the impact of these interactions on microRNA (miR) and RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) activity.

Main Methods:

Analysis of RNA-binding protein (RBP) and noncoding RNA (ncRNA) interactions with mRNAs.
Investigation of ELAV/Hu protein binding to AU-rich elements (AREs) in mRNAs.
Mechanistic studies on the regulation of microRNAs (miRs) and the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).

Main Results:

ELAV/Hu proteins bind to AU-rich elements (AREs) in mRNAs, influencing their stability and translation.
The HuR protein, a member of the ELAV/Hu family, is linked to cancerous cell growth.
ELAV/Hu proteins may repress microRNAs (miRs) and the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) through ARE-based ribonucleosomes.

Conclusions:

ELAV/Hu proteins play a significant role in mRNA fate determination by modulating stability and translation.
The interaction of ELAV/Hu proteins with AREs and their influence on the miR-RISC pathway offer mechanistic insights into gene regulation.
Understanding these ribonome dynamics is crucial for comprehending cellular processes, including cancer development.