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Related Concept Videos

Negative and Positive Feedback01:18

Negative and Positive Feedback

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
Positive, Negative, and Zero Work00:58

Positive, Negative, and Zero Work

Work is done on an object when energy is transferred to the object. In other words, work is done when a force acts on a body that undergoes a displacement from one position to another. By definition, the work done by a force is the integral of the force with respect to the displacement along its path. Forces can vary as a function of position, and displacements can occur along various paths between two points. The magnitude of a force multiplied by the cosine of the angle that the force makes...
Transformations of Functions III01:20

Transformations of Functions III

Transformations modify the graphical representation of a function without changing its fundamental form. One common transformation is reflection, which flips the graph across a designated axis. When the vertical coordinates of all points are multiplied by the negative one, the entire graph is mirrored over the horizontal axis. This transformation reverses the vertical orientation of peaks and troughs, akin to signal inversion in electrical systems, where a waveform is flipped, but the timing of...
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides
06:45

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides

Published on: September 18, 2018

Turning a negative into a positive.

Daniel C Jupiter1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA. djupiter@swmail.sw.org

The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Statistical non-significance between populations does not prove their equivalence. This common misinterpretation arises from misunderstanding hypothesis testing, leading to incorrect conclusions about population similarity.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical inference
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Population comparison

Background:

  • Hypothesis testing is frequently used to compare populations.
  • A non-significant result (p > 0.05) is often incorrectly interpreted as evidence of equivalence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the common misinterpretation of non-significant findings in population comparisons.
  • To explain why a lack of significant difference does not equate to statistical equivalence.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of statistical hypothesis testing.
  • Discussion of the logical fallacy in interpreting non-significant results.

Main Results:

  • A lack of statistically significant difference does not demonstrate equivalence between populations.
  • The confusion stems from conflating the absence of evidence of a difference with evidence of absence of a difference.

Conclusions:

  • Researchers must avoid misinterpreting non-significant results as proof of population equivalence.
  • Future research should focus on appropriate methods for demonstrating equivalence.