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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
11:44

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: September 18, 2014

DNA recognition in immunity and disease.

Christian K Holm1, Søren R Paludan, Katherine A Fitzgerald

  • 1Department of Biomedicine, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Immune cells detect pathogens using nucleic acid sensing. Understanding DNA sensing pathways is crucial for regulating immune responses and insights into diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Immune cells detect microbial pathogens via nucleic acid sensing.
  • RNA and DNA sensing machineries have been identified.
  • Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and cytoplasmic DNA-binding proteins are key players in DNA sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms of DNA sensing by immune cells.
  • To understand how DNA recognition is regulated.
  • To provide insights into infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of DNA-binding proteins.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways downstream of DNA recognition.
  • Investigation of the role of endogenous DNA in immune activation.

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Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection
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Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
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Published on: September 18, 2014

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Published on: January 26, 2019

Main Results:

  • Several cytoplasmic DNA-binding proteins have been identified.
  • These proteins link DNA recognition to the induction of type I IFNs, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and caspase-1 activation.
  • Regulation of DNA recognition is critical due to ubiquitous protein expression and potential endogenous DNA engagement.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding DNA recognition pathways is vital for immune cell function.
  • Dysregulation of DNA sensing contributes to various diseases.
  • Further research into DNA sensing mechanisms can inform therapeutic strategies.