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According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group effort.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
06:51

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Published on: April 6, 2018

Children develop a veil of fairness.

Alex Shaw1, Natalia Montinari2, Marco Piovesan3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Yale University.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
|January 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Moral Development
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Children's concern with fairness increases with age.
  • Adult fairness involves both being fair and appearing fair.
  • The role of appearing fair in children's moral development is underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if children's fairness behavior is influenced by a desire to appear fair.
  • To examine the developmental trajectory of the concern with appearing fair in children.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments 1 and 2: Assessed fairness behavior in 6- to 8-year-olds under conditions of awareness and unawareness of an experimenter.
  • Experiment 3: Used a wider age range (6- to 11-year-olds) and a private coin-flip task to assess fairness in prize allocation.
  • Compared children's choices between unilateral decisions and a fair procedure (coin flip).

Main Results:

  • Children aged 6-8 were less fair when their unfairness could be concealed while appearing fair.
  • Older children (6-11) were more likely to use a fair procedure (coin flip) than younger children.
  • Older children, like younger children, were still likely to unfairly assign themselves the better prize by misreporting coin flip outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Children's increasing fairness behavior with age may be partly driven by a growing concern with appearing fair to others.
  • The desire to maintain a fair reputation emerges during childhood.
  • Appearing fair, not just being fair, is a significant factor in children's developing moral conduct.