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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory
08:06

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Published on: August 15, 2010

Retention of memory for large-scale spaces.

Toru Ishikawa1

  • 1a Center for Spatial Information Science , University of Tokyo , Japan.

Memory (Hove, England)
|January 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Spatial memory decays over time, especially within the first two weeks. Landmark and route knowledge decline faster than survey knowledge, but sense of direction impacts survey knowledge retention.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Spatial Navigation

Background:

  • Large-scale spatial memory is crucial for navigation.
  • Understanding factors influencing spatial memory retention is essential.
  • Previous research has not fully explored the differential decay rates of various spatial knowledge types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term retention of large-scale spatial memory.
  • To examine how different types of spatial knowledge (landmark, route, survey) decay over time.
  • To assess the influence of sense of direction on spatial memory acquisition and retention.

Main Methods:

  • 38 participants learned a route via video.
  • Spatial tasks were administered immediately, after 2 weeks, and after 3 months.

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Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory
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06:17

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise

Published on: January 26, 2024

  • Analysis focused on memory decay rates and the role of sense of direction.

    • Main Results:

    • Spatial memory showed significant decay over 3 months, with faster initial decline.
    • Landmark and route knowledge decayed more rapidly than survey knowledge.
    • A good sense of direction enhanced the acquisition and retention of survey knowledge.

    Conclusions:

    • Spatial memory is not permanent and undergoes time-dependent decay.
    • Survey knowledge is more robustly retained than landmark or route knowledge.
    • Individual differences in sense of direction significantly modulate spatial memory performance.