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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus: Comparing...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Attribution Theory00:56

Attribution Theory

Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958). An internal factor is an...

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Related Experiment Videos

The boundaries of instance-based learning theory for explaining decisions from experience.

Cleotilde Gonzalez1

  • 1Dynamic Decision Making Laboratory, Social and Decision Sciences Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. coty@cmu.edu

Progress in Brain Research
|January 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Instance-based learning theory (IBLT) explains risky decisions made from experience. This chapter reviews the IBL model, detailing its successes and limitations in accounting for decision-making phenomena.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Decisions in risky situations are studied via description or experience.
  • Prospect theory explains decisions from description, but a model for decisions from experience is lacking.
  • Instance-based learning theory (IBLT) offers a framework for decisions from experience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the explanatory scope of Instance-based Learning Theory (IBLT).
  • To introduce the IBL model of repeated binary choice.
  • To discuss phenomena explained and not explained by the IBL model.

Main Methods:

  • Review of Instance-based Learning Theory (IBLT).
  • Introduction of the IBL model for repeated binary choice.
  • Analysis of model's explanatory power for decision-making phenomena.

Main Results:

  • The IBL model, based on IBLT, explains various decision-making behaviors.
  • Specific cognitive phenomena accounted for by the IBL model are identified.
  • Limitations and unexplained effects of the IBL model are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • IBLT provides a robust framework for understanding decisions from experience.
  • Clarity is needed regarding the specific effects IBLT and its models can address.
  • Further research should refine models to encompass a broader range of decision-making behaviors.