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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...

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Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform
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Published on: May 23, 2013

Brainstem pathways for horizontal eye movement: pathologic correlation with MR imaging.

Yun Jung Bae1, Jae Hyoung Kim, Byung Se Choi

  • 1Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 436-707, Korea.

Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
|January 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding brainstem pathways is key for diagnosing horizontal eye movement disorders. Lesions in these pathways, often small pontine infarctions, cause specific palsies like internuclear ophthalmoplegia.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Horizontal eye movements rely on medial and lateral rectus muscles, innervated by cranial nerves III and VI.
  • The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) connects oculomotor and abducens nuclei, coordinating conjugate gaze.
  • Brainstem lesions affecting these pathways cause distinct horizontal eye movement disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify horizontal eye movement disorders based on brainstem lesion locations.
  • To correlate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings with specific clinical syndromes.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing brainstem pathways for diagnosing subtle pontine lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of horizontal eye movement disorders into lateral gaze palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and one-and-a-half syndrome.
  • Correlation of pathological lesions on MRI with affected brainstem pathways.
  • Analysis of lesion locations, particularly in the pons, related to specific eye movement deficits.

Main Results:

  • Lateral gaze palsy results from lesions in the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) or abducens nucleus.
  • Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is caused by MLF lesions.
  • One-and-a-half syndrome combines features of both, indicating lesions in both the PPRF/abducens nucleus and MLF.

Conclusions:

  • MRI findings of lesions correlate well with topographic brainstem pathways and eye movement disorders.
  • Tiny acute infarctions in the posterior pons are common causes of these syndromes.
  • Awareness of brainstem pathways controlling horizontal eye movement is crucial for identifying small pontine lesions.