Techniques of therapeutic communication I: Active Listening, Sharing Observations, Validation, and Using Touch
Therapeutic Communication
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis
Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps
Decreased Body Temperature
You might also read
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Updated: May 15, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
Published on: January 27, 2010
1Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA. mary.stark@wmich.edu
Therapeutic showering significantly reduced tension and anxiety while improving relaxation and coping during labor. This nonpharmacologic comfort measure offers a safe option for laboring women seeking pain relief and stress reduction.
Area of Science:
Background:
Purpose of the Study:
Main Methods:
Main Results:
Conclusions: