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Related Concept Videos

Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition01:02

Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition

Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of disassembly and...
Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides01:15

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
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Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria01:29

Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria

Bacterial cells were initially considered simple, randomly organized structures lacking a cytoskeleton. However, the discovery of cytoskeleton homologs in bacteria led to the change of this opinion. Bacterial cytoskeletal filaments regulate the cell shape, cell polarity, cell division, and partitioning of plasmids during cell division. It was later discovered that bacterial cytoskeletal proteins, mainly actin and tubulin homologs, are diverse compared to their eukaryotic counterparts. On the...
Prokaryotic Cells01:28

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains — Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as Salmonella and E. coli, while the Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh environments, such as volcanic springs.
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Prokaryotic Cells01:51

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains—Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as Salmonella and E. coli, while the Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh environments, such as volcanic springs.
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Formation of Intermediate Filaments00:57

Formation of Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal proteins with higher tensile strength and flexibility than microfilaments and microtubules. Unlike the other two cytoskeletal proteins, intermediate filament formation lacks the enzymatic activity to hydrolyze nucleotides like ATP and GTP to generate energy for polymerization. Therefore, the formation of intermediate filaments is multistep self-assembly. The involvement of any accessory proteins in intermediate filament formation has not yet been reported.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder
10:47

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

Published on: May 22, 2014

Cellular building unit integrated with microstrand-shaped bacterial cellulose.

Kayoko Hirayama1, Teru Okitsu, Hiroki Teramae

  • 1Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Biomaterials
|January 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel cellular building unit using bacterial cellulose microstrands to create functional macroscopic tissues. These microstrands provide essential nutrients and oxygen, advancing tissue engineering applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Developing methods for nutrient and oxygen supply in bottom-up tissue engineering remains a significant challenge.
  • Existing techniques struggle to integrate essential vascularization pathways into engineered tissues.
  • A need exists for scalable and adaptable cellular constructs for regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel cellular building unit for bottom-up tissue engineering.
  • To demonstrate the fabrication and application of bacterial cellulose microstrands as a nutrient and oxygen pathway.
  • To create millimeter-scale cellular constructs with potential applications in regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of microstrand-shaped bacterial cellulose (BC microstrands) using Acetobacter xylinum encapsulated in calcium alginate hydrogel microtubes via a double co-axial microfluidic device.
  • Regulation of mechanical strength and porosity of BC microstrands by adjusting initial bacterial density.
  • Assembly of cellular constructs into various shapes (e.g., coiled, ball-of-yarn) through folding or reeling.

Main Results:

  • Successful fabrication of BC microstrands capable of supporting mammalian cells.
  • Demonstration of tunable mechanical and porous properties of BC microstrands.
  • Histological analysis confirmed BC microstrands facilitate nutrient and oxygen transport to cells within millimeter-scale constructs.
  • Creation of diverse millimeter-scale cellular constructs with potential for complex tissue formation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed BC microstrand building unit effectively addresses the challenge of nutrient and oxygen supply in engineered tissues.
  • This approach enables the creation of functional macroscopic cellular constructs with tunable properties.
  • The technology holds promise for applications in drug screening, wound healing, and plastic surgery.