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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...

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Updated: May 15, 2026

Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Published on: September 20, 2024

Adenosine: setting the stage for plasticity.

Raquel B Dias1, Diogo M Rombo, Joaquim A Ribeiro

  • 1Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.

Trends in Neurosciences
|January 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine, a molecule found throughout the brain, helps regulate neural activity. It balances synaptic plasticity, which is crucial for learning and memory.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity
  • Molecular Regulation

Background:

  • Hebbian plasticity underlies synaptic modifications for information encoding and neural circuit development.
  • Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms counterbalance Hebbian plasticity, often involving regulatory molecules.
  • Adenosine is a ubiquitous molecule released by neurons and glial cells, implicated in neural regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of adenosine in modulating neuronal homeostasis.
  • To explore how adenosine influences synaptic plasticity.
  • To understand adenosine's function in equilibrating neuronal activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on adenosine and synaptic plasticity.
  • Analysis of adenosine's mechanisms of action via A1 and A2A receptors.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking adenosine to neuronal homeostasis and plasticity regulation.

Main Results:

  • Adenosine release is both constitutive and activity-dependent.
  • Adenosine, via A1 and A2A receptors, modulates neuronal homeostasis.
  • Adenosine influences the capacity of synapses to undergo and sustain plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Adenosine plays a critical role in maintaining neuronal balance.
  • Adenosine equilibrates neural activity, preparing synapses for plasticity.
  • Adenosine is a key regulator of the plasticity landscape in the brain.