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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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Headache and vasculitis.

J Ivan Lopez1, Ashley Holdridge, Julio Chalela

  • 1Renown Institute for Neurosciences, 85 Kirman Avenue, Suite 301, Reno, NV 89502, USA. jlopez@renown.org

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|January 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Headaches from central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis are uncommon. Differentiating true vasculitis from reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is crucial, as treatments differ significantly.

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An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

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Published on: June 2, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Headaches are a common symptom with diverse etiologies.
  • Headaches caused by inflammation of central nervous system (CNS) blood vessels (vasculitis) are less frequent.
  • Distinguishing CNS vasculitis from reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is critical due to differing treatment implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis in headaches secondary to CNS vasculitis.
  • To differentiate between primary CNS vasculitis and RCVS.
  • To emphasize the need for appropriate diagnostic strategies to guide treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common vasculitic conditions associated with headaches.
  • Comparison of diagnostic criteria for CNS vasculitis and RCVS.
  • Discussion of therapeutic implications based on differential diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Primary CNS vasculitis, systemic necrotizing arteritis, granulomatous vasculitis, and systemic collagen diseases are key vasculitides causing headaches.
  • RCVS presents a diagnostic challenge and requires distinct management from true vasculitides.
  • Anti-inflammatory treatments beneficial for vasculitis can be detrimental in RCVS.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate differentiation between CNS vasculitis and RCVS is paramount for effective patient management.
  • Clinicians must utilize imaging and laboratory data judiciously to establish the correct diagnosis.
  • Tailored treatment based on precise diagnosis improves patient outcomes and avoids complications.