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The human insula: Architectonic organization and postmortem MRI registration.

A Morel1, M N Gallay, A Baechler

  • 1Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Zürich, Sternwartstrasse 6, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland. aemorel@gmail.com

Neuroscience
|January 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study maps the human insula

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroanatomy
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • The human insula's function is increasingly studied using neuroimaging.
  • However, its microanatomical organization and relation to surface features remain unclear.
  • Existing anatomical data for functional interpretation is fragmented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the insula's microanatomical organization.
  • To correlate cytoarchitectonic maps with major sulcal/gyral patterns.
  • To provide an anatomical basis for neuroimaging and clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Divided the insula into seven architectonic subdivisions.
  • Charted subdivisions on unfolded maps using Nissl, myelin, and parvalbumin (PV) staining.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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  • Registered cytoarchitectonic maps to high-resolution MRI scans.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified a gradient from hypergranular to agranular fields, similar to monkeys.
    • Found von Economo neurons (VENs) concentrated in agranular cortex and anterior dysgranular fields.
    • Observed decreasing myelin and PV gradients from dorsal to ventral insula.
    • Located a PV-enhanced area corresponding to the presumed human gustatory cortex.
    • Revealed a concentric organization of subdivisions around the limen insula.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed microanatomical map of the human insula.
    • This map correlates cytoarchitecture with macroscopic anatomy and MRI data.
    • Offers a refined anatomical framework for insular research and clinical practice.