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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

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Related Experiment Videos

How differing shift lengths relate to quality outcomes in pediatrics.

Amy Witkoski Stimpfel1, Eileen T Lake, Sharon Barton

  • 1Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. amywit@nursing.upenn.edu

The Journal of Nursing Administration
|January 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric nurses working extended shifts reported worse job outcomes and lower patient care quality. Optimizing nursing shift lengths may improve well-being for both patients and nurses.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nursing
  • Healthcare Management
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • Long work hours are linked to adverse patient outcomes in adults.
  • Limited data exists on the impact of work hours on pediatric nurses and patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Describe pediatric nurse shift lengths.
  • Examine the association between shift length and nurse job outcomes.
  • Assess the impact of shift length on patient outcomes and care quality.

Main Methods:

  • Secondary analysis of cross-sectional nurse survey data.
  • Included 3710 registered nurses from 342 acute care children's hospitals.

Main Results:

  • Most pediatric nurses worked 12-hour shifts, common in intensive care.
  • Extended shifts (>13 hours) correlated with poorer nurse job outcomes.
  • Nurses working extended shifts reported lower patient care quality and safety.

Conclusions:

  • Improving nursing shift lengths is a potential strategy for administrators.
  • Optimizing working hours can enhance the well-being of pediatric patients and nurses.