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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes
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Published on: September 27, 2014

Ebola virus exploits a monocyte differentiation program to promote its entry.

Osvaldo Martinez1, Joshua C Johnson, Anna Honko

  • 1Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

Journal of Virology
|January 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Ebola virus (EBOV) does not infect fresh monocytes but enters them during differentiation. Monocytes downregulate entry blockers and upregulate entry factors, enabling EBOV infection and suggesting new control strategies.

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Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes
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Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

Published on: December 16, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are key targets for Ebola virus (EBOV) infection.
  • Monocyte susceptibility to EBOV infection is debated, with conflicting reports on entry and replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the susceptibility of monocytes to EBOV entry and replication.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing EBOV infection of monocytes and their differentiation products.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of EBOV binding and entry into freshly isolated and differentiating monocytes.
  • Assessment of viral entry restriction and facilitating factors (e.g., IFN-inducible transmembrane proteins, cathepsin B, NPC1).
  • Ectopic expression of NPC1 in monocytic cells to rescue EBOV entry.

Main Results:

  • Freshly isolated monocytes are refractory to EBOV entry, despite viral binding.
  • EBOV entry into monocytes is delayed and occurs during their differentiation into macrophages or dendritic cells.
  • Monocyte differentiation involves downregulation of restriction factors and upregulation of entry factors (cathepsin B, NPC1), processes accelerated by EBOV.
  • NPC1 expression is sufficient to restore EBOV entry into undifferentiated, nonpermissive monocytic cells.

Conclusions:

  • Monocyte differentiation is a critical step for Ebola virus entry and infection.
  • The dynamic regulation of viral entry factors during monocyte differentiation underlies APC susceptibility to EBOV.
  • Understanding these molecular events provides insights into limiting APC infection by EBOV.