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S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

Replication in Eukaryotes

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

Replication in Eukaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

Long Range Force between Pre-Replication Complexes (Pre-RC) in DNA Controls Replication and Cell Cycle Progression.

¹Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology and Giiteborg University, 5-41296 Göteborg, Sweden.

Journal of Biological Physics

|January 25, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A physics model explains DNA replication and cell cycle control using a force between pre-replication complexes (pre-RCs). This force drives assembly and disassembly, preventing re-replication and explaining cell cycle dynamics.

Keywords:

DNA replication Rb protein cell cycle control cyclin dependent kinases origin recognition complex

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Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement

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Published on: January 19, 2017

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

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Published on: October 27, 2011

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement

Published on: January 19, 2017

Area of Science:

* Biophysics
* Cell Biology
* Theoretical Physics

Background:

* DNA replication and cell cycle progression are fundamental biological processes.
* Pre-replication complexes (pre-RCs) play a crucial role in initiating DNA replication.
* Understanding the physical forces governing these processes is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

* To derive a many-body physics model for nonstationary interactions controlling DNA replication and cell cycle.
* To explain the mechanism of DNA replication initiation and re-replication prevention.
* To investigate the role of physical forces in cell cycle regulation and microtubule dynamics.

Main Methods:

* Development of a many-body physics model for pre-RC interactions.
* Mathematical derivation of a long-range force equation: F'(ξ)=-(κ/2) ξ(1-ξ)(2-ξ).
* Analysis of force sign switches to explain biological phenomena.

Main Results:

* The model predicts a force between pre-RCs that changes from attractive to repulsive, controlling DNA replication initiation and preventing re-replication.
* The force switch at a critical threshold (N) explains dynamic instability in growing microtubules (MTs) and interleukin-2 (IL2) receptor interactions.
* Derived response curves align well with experimental data from dividing T cells and polymerizing MTs.

Conclusions:

* A physics-based model successfully explains key events in DNA replication and cell cycle control.
* Physical forces and their dynamics are critical determinants of cellular processes.
* The model provides a unified framework for understanding cell division, microtubule dynamics, and receptor interactions.