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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Of...
Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

Measurement of Blood Pressure

Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a stethoscope.
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue, improving...

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Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension: physiological basis and methodological concerns.

Robert Naeije1, Rebecca Vanderpool, Bishnu P Dhakal

  • 1Department of Pathophysiology, Erasme Campus of the Univerrsité Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Lennik Road, Brussels, Belgium. rnaeije@ulb.ac.be

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
|January 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Exercise increases pulmonary circulation pressure. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) above 30 mm Hg during exercise may link to fatigue and shortness of breath.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Pulmonary Circulation Dynamics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Exercise significantly impacts the pulmonary circulation by elevating cardiac output and left atrial pressure.
  • Pulmonary circulation responses to exercise are typically characterized by a linear relationship between mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and blood flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the normal physiological responses of the pulmonary circulation during exercise.
  • To investigate the relationship between pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac output during physical exertion.
  • To identify thresholds of pulmonary artery pressure during exercise associated with symptoms like dyspnea and fatigue.

Main Methods:

  • Invasive and noninvasive studies in healthy volunteers were analyzed.
  • Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and cardiac output (Q) relationships were examined.
  • Analysis included assessment of pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure transmission from left atrium to pulmonary artery.

Main Results:

  • The normal slope of mPAP-flow relationship during exercise is 0.5 to 3 mm Hg.min.L(-1).
  • Normal upper limits for mPAP during exercise are approximately 30 mm Hg at Q < 10 L.min(-1).
  • Left atrial pressure increases during exercise with near one-to-one transmission to mPAP.

Conclusions:

  • Pulmonary vascular resistance normally remains below 3 Wood units during exercise.
  • Deviations from linear mPAP-flow relationships, like plateau patterns in heart failure, indicate impaired cardiac function.
  • Exercise-induced mPAP exceeding 30 mm Hg may correlate with dyspnea-fatigue symptoms.