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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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Lipid Droplet Isolation for Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis
10:23

Lipid Droplet Isolation for Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: April 17, 2017

Synonymous codon usage pattern analysis of Hepatitis D virus.

Arghya Kamal Bishal1, Rashmi Mukherjee, Chandan Chakraborty

  • 1Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, Purba Midnapur, West Bengal, India.

Virus Research
|January 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) exhibits distinct codon usage patterns influenced by mutational pressure and selection. Analysis reveals HDV is a unique entity compared to other hepatitis viruses.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a unique, small RNA virus.
  • Codon usage variation offers insights into genome evolution forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze codon usage patterns in HDV.
  • To compare HDV codon usage with host cells and other hepatitis viruses.
  • To identify factors shaping HDV genome evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Calculation and comparison of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values.
  • Analysis of nucleotide content, effective number of codons (ENC), aromaticity, and hydrophobicity for 28 HDV sequences.
  • Comparative analysis of codon usage patterns between HDV, human cells, and other hepatitis viruses.

Main Results:

  • Most HDV codons end with G or C.
  • HDV codon usage shows a mixed pattern relative to human cells.
  • Mutational pressure is the primary determinant of HDV codon usage, with positive selection potentially influencing sequence diversity.
  • HDV displays distinct ENC values and GC frequencies at the 3rd codon position (GC3s) compared to other hepatitis viruses.

Conclusions:

  • HDV possesses a unique codon usage pattern.
  • Mutational pressure is the main driver of HDV codon usage.
  • HDV represents a distinct viral entity within the hepatitis virus family.