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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
10:10

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Hemiarthroplasty for proximal humerus fractures.

Lauchlan Chambers1, Joshua S Dines, Dean G Lorich

  • 1Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA, chambersk@hss.edu.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
|January 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Proximal humerus fractures require individualized treatment. Surgical options like hemiarthroplasty or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty improve outcomes for complex fractures in the elderly.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Traumatology
  • Geriatric Medicine

Background:

  • Proximal humerus fractures are increasingly common, particularly in the aging population.
  • Treatment choice depends on fracture pattern, displacement, and patient factors.
  • Nonoperative management is suitable for some fractures, while others necessitate surgical intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review treatment strategies for proximal humerus fractures.
  • To emphasize patient and fracture characteristic evaluation for optimal outcomes.
  • To discuss surgical indications and techniques, including arthroplasty for complex cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on proximal humerus fracture management.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes based on fracture complexity and patient demographics.
  • Evaluation of surgical techniques, including humeral sparing procedures, hemiarthroplasty, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Main Results:

  • Nonoperative treatment can be successful for less complex proximal humerus fractures.
  • Displaced and comminuted fractures often require surgical intervention.
  • Arthroplasty (hemiarthroplasty or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty) is indicated for complex fractures in the elderly to reduce complications and improve function.

Conclusions:

  • Individualized treatment selection is crucial for proximal humerus fractures.
  • Humeral sparing procedures are preferred for younger patients.
  • Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is a valuable option for elderly patients with complex fractures or unreconstructable tuberosities.