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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
Preparedness and Phobias01:09

Preparedness and Phobias

Human fear responses to certain stimuli, such as darkness, heights, deep water, and blood, can often arise despite the absence of direct negative experiences. This phenomenon is rooted in evolutionary psychology, which posits that humans have developed a predisposition to fear stimuli that historically posed significant survival threats. This predisposition, known as preparedness, suggests that early humans who developed a fear of potentially dangerous entities, such as venomous snakes and...
Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single exposure...
Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...

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Observational Fear as a Model of Affective Empathy in Mice
04:14

Observational Fear as a Model of Affective Empathy in Mice

Published on: November 22, 2024

Conditioned fear modulates visual selection.

Manon Mulckhuyse1, Geert Crombez, Stefan Van der Stigchel

  • 1Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Manon.Mulckhuyse@UGent.be

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)
|January 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Conditioned fear directly influences eye movements. Threatening stimuli (CS+) attract short-latency saccades and capture attention more than non-threatening stimuli (CS-), demonstrating fear

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Eye movements are influenced by both internal goals (top-down) and external stimuli (bottom-up).
  • Behavioral relevance of salient stimuli affects attention and eye movement control.
  • The impact of aversive stimuli on oculomotor behavior remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if stimuli signaling an aversive event modulate saccadic eye movement behavior.
  • To explore the influence of conditioned fear on visual selection processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a differential fear-conditioning procedure.
  • Presented threatening (CS+) and non-threatening (CS-) stimulus distractors during an oculomotor selection task.
  • Analyzed saccadic latency, deviation, and eye capture frequency.

Main Results:

  • Short-latency saccades showed increased deviation towards the aversive CS+ compared to the CS-.
  • Long-latency saccades exhibited stronger deviation away from the CS+ than the CS-.
  • The CS+ distractor captured eye movements more frequently than the CS-.

Conclusions:

  • Conditioned fear exerts a direct and immediate influence on visual selection and eye movement control.
  • Findings support a neurobiological model of emotional visual processing.
  • Fear conditioning shapes oculomotor responses to salient visual stimuli.