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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
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Published on: June 1, 2015

Limb motion dictates how motor learning arises from arbitrary environmental dynamics.

Gary C Sing1, Simon P Orozco, Maurice A Smith

  • 1Center for Brain Science, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|February 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Internal models of environmental dynamics are motion-dependent, even when adapting to novel force-impulses. This adaptation relies on spatial variables like position and velocity, not just motion state.

Keywords:
force pulseforce-field adaptationmotor adaptationmotor primitives

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Area of Science:

  • Motor control and learning
  • Human movement science
  • Systems neuroscience

Background:

  • Internal models are crucial for motor learning, representing environmental dynamics.
  • Existing evidence for motion-dependent representations primarily comes from adapting to motion-dependent environments.
  • Rigorous testing is needed for representations independent of motion state.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of internal models by examining adaptation to force-impulses.
  • To determine if internal models are motion-dependent even for dynamics not well-approximated by motion state.
  • To characterize the impulse response of the human motor system.

Main Methods:

  • Examined adaptive responses to two distinct force-impulse perturbations during voluntary reaching movements.
  • Assessed the correlation between force-impulses and motion-state approximations.
  • Analyzed single-trial adaptive responses and their relationship to motion variables over 300 training trials.

Main Results:

  • Force-impulses, poorly approximated by motion-state, induced significant single-trial adaptive responses.
  • Adaptive responses resembled those from motion-based approximations.
  • Motion dependence of adaptation persisted after prolonged exposure and became more specific through representation reorganization.

Conclusions:

  • Internal models of environmental dynamics are inherently motion-dependent.
  • This motion dependence holds true regardless of the specific dynamics encountered, including force-impulses.
  • Motor adaptation refines motion-dependent representations rather than adopting state-independent ones.