Failure of the α factor in describing dynamical instabilities and chaos in quantum-dot lasers

We show that the long-established concept of a linewidth-enhancement factor α to describe carrier-induced refractive index changes in semiconductor lasers breaks down in quantum-dot (QD) lasers when describing complex dynamic scenarios, found, for example, under high-excitation or optical injection. By comparing laser simulations using a constant α factor with results from a more complex nonequilibrium model that separately treats gain and refractive index dynamics, we examine the conditions under which an approximation of the amplitude-phase coupling by an α factor becomes invalid. The investigations show that while a quasiequilibrium approach for conventional quantum well lasers is valid over a reasonable parameter range, allowing one to introduce an α factor as a constant parameter, the concept is in general not applicable to predict QD laser dynamics due to the different time scales of the involved scattering processes.