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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...

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Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Observation of sequential Υ suppression in PbPb collisions.

S Chatrchyan1, V Khachatryan, A M Sirunyan

  • 1Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia.

Physical Review Letters
|February 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The suppression of bottomonium (Υ) states in lead-lead (PbPb) collisions was measured. Results show sequential suppression of Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S) states, indicating heavy quarkonium dissociation in the quark-gluon plasma.

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Area of Science:

  • High-energy nuclear physics
  • Particle physics
  • Quantum chromodynamics

Background:

  • Heavy quarkonium states like bottomonium (Υ) are sensitive probes of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP).
  • Previous studies at lower energies indicated suppression of Υ states in nucleus-nucleus collisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the suppression of individual Υ(nS) states (n=1, 2, 3) in lead-lead (PbPb) collisions.
  • To compare the suppression patterns of different Υ states to understand the mechanisms of QGP formation and heavy quarkonium interaction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of dimuon invariant mass spectra from PbPb and proton-proton (pp) collision data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC.
  • Measurement of Υ(nS) yields and calculation of the nuclear modification factor, R(AA), as a function of collision centrality.

Main Results:

  • Significant suppression of Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S) states observed in PbPb collisions relative to pp collisions.
  • The nuclear modification factor R(AA) values are approximately 0.56 for Υ(1S), 0.12 for Υ(2S), and <0.10 for Υ(3S).
  • A clear sequential suppression pattern is observed, with higher-mass states (Υ(2S), Υ(3S)) being more suppressed than the ground state (Υ(1S)).

Conclusions:

  • The observed sequential suppression provides strong evidence for the dissociation of excited Υ states in the hot and dense medium created in PbPb collisions.
  • These results support the color screening model and provide insights into the properties of the QGP at LHC energies.