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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes
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Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes

Published on: October 20, 2023

Advances in targeting cell surface signalling molecules for immune modulation.

Sheng Yao1, Yuwen Zhu, Lieping Chen

  • 1Department of Immunobiology and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA.

Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
|February 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Immunomodulatory therapies, using biologics like antibodies, are revolutionizing disease treatment. Targeting molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) shows promise for advanced cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Medicine

Background:

  • The last decade has seen significant growth in immunomodulatory strategies for various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders.
  • These therapies primarily utilize monoclonal antibodies or fusion proteins to modulate immune cell signaling.
  • Understanding the immune system and previous biologics informs the development of next-generation immunomodulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in immunomodulatory approaches for treating human diseases.
  • To highlight the design principles for next-generation immunomodulatory biologics.
  • To discuss the clinical significance of recent immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on immunomodulatory biologics.
  • Analysis of therapeutic strategies targeting cell surface signaling molecules.
  • Examination of clinical outcomes for novel immunotherapies.

Main Results:

  • Immunomodulatory approaches are effective against cancer, viral infections, autoimmunity, and transplant rejection.
  • Monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins are key tools in this field.
  • Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and B7 homolog 1 (B7H1/PDL1) demonstrate efficacy in advanced cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Immunomodulatory therapy has matured, offering improved efficacy and reduced side effects.
  • Next-generation biologics promise enhanced therapeutic benefits.
  • Targeting immune checkpoints like PD1/PDL1 represents a significant advancement in cancer treatment.