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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR
09:03

Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

Published on: May 29, 2014

Transcription factor network in embryonic stem cells: heterogeneity under the stringency.

Yoko Nakai-Futatsugi1, Hitoshi Niwa

  • 1Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2–2–3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650–0047, Japan.

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
|February 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling maintains embryonic stem cell (ES cell) pluripotency via transcription factors. ES cell heterogeneity may enable differentiation, highlighting inherent metastability.

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Published on: May 30, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular and cellular biology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling is crucial for maintaining embryonic stem cell (ES cell) self-renewal and pluripotency.
  • A proposed network model involves transcription factors (Klf4, Sox2, Tbx3, Nanog, Oct3/4) in a parallel pathway downstream of LIF signaling.
  • These transcription factors maintain pluripotency through a balanced network with redundancy and compensation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on ES cell heterogeneity.
  • To discuss the role of this heterogeneity in ES cell differentiation.
  • To explore the concept of inherent metastability in ES cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on ES cell heterogeneity.
  • Analysis of existing network models of transcription factor regulation in ES cells.
  • Discussion of theoretical frameworks for understanding ES cell metastability.

Main Results:

  • Studies reveal significant heterogeneity among individual ES cells despite overall pluripotency maintenance.
  • This heterogeneity is proposed as a mechanism enabling ES cells to exit self-renewal and initiate differentiation.
  • ES cells exhibit inherent metastability, a state of dynamic balance that allows for transitions between self-renewal and differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • ES cell heterogeneity is a key feature that facilitates developmental plasticity.
  • The inherent metastability of ES cells is fundamental to their ability to differentiate and exert pluripotency.
  • Understanding ES cell heterogeneity and metastability is critical for applications in regenerative medicine and developmental biology.