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Related Concept Videos

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
&sup1;H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Molecular Structure and Acidity02:34

Molecular Structure and Acidity

An acid can be deprotonated to form a conjugate base or an anion. If the produced anion is more stable, then the acid is stronger. On the contrary, if the anion is unstable, then the acid is weaker. Hence, to determine the acidity of the compound, the stability of its conjugate base is studied using various factors.
The size effect explains the change in atomic size on acidity. When comparing the acids formed from elements that belong to the same column in the periodic table, their atomic sizes...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:

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Updated: May 14, 2026

An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
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An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

Published on: November 22, 2024

Microwave structure for the propiolic acid-formic acid complex.

Stephen G Kukolich1, Erik G Mitchell, Spencer J Carey

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|February 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New microwave spectroscopy reveals detailed structural insights into the propiolic acid-formic acid complex. This study provides accurate hydrogen bond lengths and monomer orientations, enhancing our understanding of molecular interactions.

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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

Published on: October 29, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Molecular Spectroscopy
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • The propiolic acid-formic acid complex is a key system for studying hydrogen bonding.
  • Previous studies provided initial structural data, but higher accuracy was needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely determine the structure of the propiolic acid-formic acid complex using advanced microwave spectroscopy.
  • To refine structural parameters, particularly hydrogen bond lengths and monomer orientations.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of new microwave spectra for DCCCOOH···HOOCH and HCCCOOD···DOOCH isotopologues.
  • Utilizing pulsed beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometers.
  • Analysis of rotational transitions to obtain accurate rotational and centrifugal distortion constants.

Main Results:

  • Improved structural fit for the complex, yielding accurate monomer orientations.
  • Determination of asymmetric hydrogen bond lengths: r(O1-H1···O4) = 1.64 Å and r(O3-H2···O2) = 1.87 Å.
  • Experimental average hydrogen bond length (1.76 Å) agrees well with theoretical predictions (1.72 Å).

Conclusions:

  • The complex adopts a planar structure with a positive inertial defect.
  • Experimental findings show greater asymmetry in hydrogen bond lengths compared to ab initio calculations.
  • Accurate structural parameters were obtained, advancing the understanding of intermolecular interactions in this complex.