Genomic and post-genomic leads toward regulation of spermatogenesis

Declining male fertility without sign of any recovery and limited understanding about mechanisms involved in the intra-testicular regulation of spermatogenesis, withholding clinicians from delivering appropriate line of treatment, are serious causes of concern. Several infertile men are not amenable to treatment because hormonal deficiency or physical obstruction is not the underlying cause. A hope has been generated in the post genomic era where we can have information about the testicular genes and proteins which regulate germ cell division, differentiation and maturation in an interactive manner. Expression of some of these genes and proteins may be governed by classical hormones. However, if the genes are defective (naturally or acquired later in life), mere treatment with hormone(s), as is opted presently by clinicians, would not result into production of sperm. High throughput techniques and post genomic endeavors have generated plethora of data for fundamental and clinical andrology. Appropriate analyses and interlinking of these datasets may provide access to very precise information on a myriad of somatic and germ cell specific genes and proteins. Studies of functional genomics involving cell and age specific expression of some of these testicular genes will not only pin point precise role of certain biomolecules in various steps of spermatogenesis but it will also provide strong basis for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. In this review, we present some transcriptomic and proteomic information from various testicular somatic and germ cell studies and discuss how a systems biology approach may be brought in to meaningfully utilize the available information.