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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Updated: May 14, 2026

Extraction of Aqueous Metabolites from Cultured Adherent Cells for Metabolomic Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Okazaki fragment metabolism.

Lata Balakrishnan1, Robert A Bambara

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|February 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA replication involves continuous leading strand synthesis and discontinuous lagging strand synthesis. Lagging strand maturation in eukaryotes is complex, involving multiple pathways and enzymes for efficient and accurate DNA repair.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cellular DNA replication ensures accurate duplication of genetic material.
  • DNA replication proceeds with continuous leading strand synthesis and discontinuous lagging strand synthesis.
  • Lagging strand fragments require processing for functional DNA segments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms and pathways involved in eukaryotic lagging strand maturation.
  • To compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic lagging strand processing.
  • To understand the regulatory mechanisms balancing efficiency and fidelity in DNA repair.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analyses to identify key proteins and pathways.
  • Reconstitution experiments to validate protein functions.
  • Comparative studies of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication machinery.

Main Results:

  • Lagging strand fragments are initiated by RNA primers and processed via strand displacement, flap removal, and ligation.
  • Eukaryotic lagging strand fragments are shorter than prokaryotic ones, influenced by nucleosome structure.
  • Eukaryotic maturation involves multiple enzymes and potentially three distinct pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Eukaryotic lagging strand maturation is a complex, multi-step process.
  • Regulation of eukaryotic lagging strand processing can be modulated for efficiency or fidelity.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for comprehending genome stability and repair.