Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Oxygenic Photosynthesis01:26

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Oxygenic photosynthesis is a fundamental process in which light energy is harnessed to drive the oxidation of water, leading to the production of molecular oxygen (O₂), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This process is essential for sustaining aerobic life on Earth and is primarily carried out by cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The core of oxygenic photosynthesis lies in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll pigments facilitate light...
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent electrostatic forces to...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Origin of Photosynthesis01:26

Origin of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis represents a fundamental biological process that transformed Earth's atmosphere and paved the way for complex life. Emerging roughly 3.4–3.8 billion years ago, the earliest photosynthetic organisms harnessed light energy to produce organic compounds. These anoxygenic phototrophs used electron donors like hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) or ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), rather than water, and did not release molecular oxygen (O₂) as a byproduct. Various groups, including green sulfur and purple...
Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Microbial conversion of biodiesel waste for carotenoid production.

Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology·2026
Same author

Measurement of Line Width and Anisotropy in <i>C</i><sub>3</sub>/<i>C</i><sub>4</sub>-Symmetric Gd(III) Complexes.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Heart Attack Education and EMS Response in High-Risk, Low EMS Usage Areas: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster-Randomized Trial.

JAMA network open·2026
Same author

Xanthene-to-fluorene skeletal editing <i>via</i> oxygen deletion mediated by boron and aluminium radicals.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

The structure of intact and active Photosystem II from Arabidopsis thaliana at 2.44 Å resolution.

The New phytologist·2026
Same author

Exploratory analysis of pharmacist involvement in motivational interviewing intervention for patients with prescription opioid misuse behaviors.

JAPhA practice innovations·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Reflections on substrate water and dioxygen formation.

Nicholas Cox1, Johannes Messinger

  • 1Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|February 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers summarized experimental findings on how water binds to the manganese-calcium-oxide cluster in photosystem II. This analysis aids in understanding the mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation.

Keywords:
Mechanism of water oxidationMn(4)CaO(5) clusterOxygen evolving complex (OEC)Photosystem IISubstrate water bindingWater oxidizing complex (WOC)

More Related Videos

Anaerobic Protein Purification and Kinetic Analysis via Oxygen Electrode for Studying DesB Dioxygenase Activity and Inhibition
08:31

Anaerobic Protein Purification and Kinetic Analysis via Oxygen Electrode for Studying DesB Dioxygenase Activity and Inhibition

Published on: October 3, 2018

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
11:38

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

Published on: February 1, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Anaerobic Protein Purification and Kinetic Analysis via Oxygen Electrode for Studying DesB Dioxygenase Activity and Inhibition
08:31

Anaerobic Protein Purification and Kinetic Analysis via Oxygen Electrode for Studying DesB Dioxygenase Activity and Inhibition

Published on: October 3, 2018

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
11:38

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

Published on: February 1, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Photosynthesis Research
  • Bioinorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Photosystem II is crucial for oxygenic photosynthesis.
  • The Mn4CaO5 cluster is the catalytic core of the water-oxidizing complex.
  • Understanding water-binding is key to elucidating the water-oxidation mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize experimental data on substrate water-binding to the Mn4CaO5 cluster.
  • To interpret findings in the context of structural and theoretical models.
  • To evaluate current proposals for the photosynthetic water-oxidation mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Review and interpretation of mass spectrometry and spectroscopic results.
  • Integration of recent X-ray crystallography data.
  • Consideration of theoretical modeling studies.

Main Results:

  • Consolidated experimental evidence on water interactions with the Mn4CaO5 cluster.
  • Structural insights guiding mechanistic interpretations.
  • Evaluation of proposed water-oxidation pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental findings provide a basis for understanding water-binding in photosystem II.
  • Structural and mechanistic models are refined by integrated data.
  • This review contributes to the understanding of fundamental photosynthetic processes.