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Related Concept Videos

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients01:15

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients

Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...
Sampling Plans01:23

Sampling Plans

Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
Random sampling is a method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. It involves selecting individuals randomly, often using random number generators or lottery-type methods. For example, when analyzing the properties of a...
Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the atmosphere, the...
Stratified Sampling Method01:16

Stratified Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...
Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...
Cluster Sampling Method01:20

Cluster Sampling Method

Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
06:48

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

Breakfast cereal sampling study for nutritional elements.

Laura J Wood1, Katrice A Lippa, Melissa M Phillips

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. laura.wood@nist.gov

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|February 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Food Science
  • Laboratory Quality Assurance

Background:

  • The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) established the Dietary Supplement Laboratory Quality Assurance Program (DSQAP) with the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (NIH-ODS).
  • DSQAP conducts interlaboratory studies to assess laboratory performance in measuring elements and compounds in dietary supplements.
  • This study focused on evaluating measurement variability and laboratory performance in analyzing elemental concentrations in diverse cereal matrices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of material granularity and sample processing on measurement precision and bias.
  • To provide laboratories with performance feedback relative to NIST values and interlaboratory concordance.
  • To identify challenges in analyzing elemental concentrations within different cereal sample types.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratories participated in an interlaboratory study organized by the DSQAP.
  • Participants measured mass fractions of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in six different breakfast cereal samples.
  • Cereal samples varied in form, including ground, flaked, and partially crushed materials.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 25% of participating laboratories demonstrated adequate to exemplary measurement precision.
  • 60% of laboratories encountered matrix-specific or element-specific measurement issues.
  • A small percentage (15%) of laboratories faced significant sample processing or measurement challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Material granularity and sample processing significantly influence measurement variability in elemental analysis.
  • A substantial proportion of laboratories experience difficulties with specific matrices or elements.
  • Future DSQAP studies may incorporate commercial products to refine laboratory sampling and analytical techniques.