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Related Concept Videos

Fluid Mosaic Model01:19

Fluid Mosaic Model

Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich with the analogy of...
Membrane Fluidity01:26

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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is a relatively...
Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane01:22

Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane

Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
Cell Motility through Blebbing01:16

Cell Motility through Blebbing

Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
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Lipid Bilayer Experiments with Contact Bubble Bilayers for Patch-Clampers
07:18

Lipid Bilayer Experiments with Contact Bubble Bilayers for Patch-Clampers

Published on: January 16, 2019

Bursting bubbles and bilayers.

Steven P Wrenn1, Stephen M Dicker, Eleanor F Small

  • 1Drexel University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. spw22@drexel.edu

Theranostics
|February 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores ultrasound interactions with microbubbles and vesicles, finding area expansion modulus critically influences cavitation. Nesting microbubbles within vesicles offers safe imaging and controlled drug delivery via tunable reverse sonoporation.

Keywords:
cavitationliposomemembrane.microbubblesonoporationultrasound

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Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Acoustic Cavitation
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Microbubble dynamics under ultrasound are crucial for applications like sonoporation.
  • Understanding inertial cavitation is key to controlling ultrasound-induced effects.
  • Phospholipid vesicles are investigated for their role in drug release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model microbubble behavior and predict inertial cavitation profiles.
  • To investigate the influence of membrane properties, particularly area expansion modulus and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) composition, on inertial cavitation.
  • To explore nesting microbubbles within microcapsules for enhanced safety and theranostic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of microbubble physics models to predict dynamic behavior and inertial cavitation.
  • Theoretical analysis of area expansion modulus dependence on PEG molecular weight and composition.
  • Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data for inertial cavitation.
  • Investigation of sonoporation mechanisms and correlation with phospholipid bilayer phase behavior.

Main Results:

  • Area expansion modulus significantly influences inertial cavitation, more than surface tension or viscosity.
  • Inertial cavitation is independent of PEG molecular weight in the mushroom regime but increases with PEG mole fraction and decreases with PEG molecular weight in the brush regime.
  • Nesting microbubbles inside microcapsules increases the inertial cavitation threshold, preventing unwanted cell death.
  • Reverse sonoporation rates correlate with phospholipid bilayer phase behavior, with liquid-disordered phases showing faster release.

Conclusions:

  • Microbubble physics models accurately predict inertial cavitation, with area expansion modulus being a critical factor.
  • Nesting microbubbles offers a strategy for safe ultrasound imaging and targeted drug delivery (theranostics).
  • Tunable reverse sonoporation from phospholipid vesicles presents a promising platform for controlled drug delivery.