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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis
14:53

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

Published on: February 3, 2018

Nanotechnology: toxicologic pathology.

Ann F Hubbs1, Linda M Sargent, Dale W Porter

  • 1Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA. ahubbs@cdc.gov

Toxicologic Pathology
|February 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanotechnology offers vast potential but presents challenges for toxicologic pathologists. Understanding unique nanoscale properties and advanced imaging is crucial for evaluating nanoparticulate toxicity.

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Identification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Histological Samples by Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy and Hyperspectral Mapping
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Identification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Histological Samples by Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy and Hyperspectral Mapping

Published on: December 8, 2015

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis
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In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

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Electric Cell-Substrate Sensing for Real-Time Evaluation of Metal-Organic Framework Toxicological Profiles
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Identification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Histological Samples by Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy and Hyperspectral Mapping
12:19

Identification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Histological Samples by Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy and Hyperspectral Mapping

Published on: December 8, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology
  • Toxicologic Pathology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Nanotechnology utilizes engineering and science at dimensions under 100 nm.
  • The increasing number of nanoscale products offers solutions in medicine, science, and engineering.
  • The vast potential of nanotechnology poses challenges for toxicologic pathology due to unique nanoparticle properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the distinct toxicologic effects of nanoparticulates compared to larger particles.
  • To discuss the unique interactions of nanoparticles within biological systems.
  • To outline advanced methods for evaluating nanoparticulate toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of distinct intercellular and intracellular translocation pathways of nanoparticulates.
  • Analysis of unique nanoscale features such as increased surface area and quantum effects.
  • Evaluation of augmented microscopic procedures for toxicologic pathology.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticulates exhibit distinct therapeutic and toxic effects due to their size.
  • Nanoparticles interact differently with subcellular structures compared to larger particles.
  • Advanced microscopy techniques are essential for assessing nanoparticulate pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding nanoscale properties is key to assessing nanoparticle toxicity.
  • Specialized tools and techniques are necessary for evaluating nanotoxicology studies.
  • Effective toxicologic pathology assessment requires knowledge of unique nanoscale features.