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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
During inspiration, air enters our body through the nose or mouth and moves through the conducting zone,...
Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration01:23

Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration

The Physiology of Expiration: A Seamless Respiratory Process
Expiration, or exhaling, is a complex physiological process that begins as the inspiratory muscles begin to relax. This relaxation triggers a series of events that epitomize the efficiency of the respiratory system.
Mechanism of Expiration:
Application of Integration: Problem Solving01:30

Application of Integration: Problem Solving

The process of breathing involves the periodic intake and expulsion of air, known as the respiratory cycle, which typically lasts about five seconds. Modeling the volume of air inhaled into the lungs as a function of time provides insight into both the dynamics and efficiency of pulmonary ventilation. This volume is determined by integrating the airflow rate over time, which captures the cumulative effect of air entering the lungs.Sinusoidal Model of AirflowAirflow during respiration is not...
Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Method to Obtain Pattern of Breathing in Senescent Mice through Unrestrained Barometric Plethysmography
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Published on: April 28, 2020

Tidal breathing FeNO measurements: a new algorithm.

Esther van Mastrigt1, Ruben C A de Groot, Hans W van Kesteren

  • 1Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Pediatric Pulmonology
|February 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new algorithm allows fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) to be accurately measured using tidal breathing, matching conventional single breath tests. This method improves FeNO measurement standardization, especially for young children.

Keywords:
childrenexhalation flowfractional exhaled nitric oxidesingle breathtidal breathing

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Area of Science:

  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Pulmonary Function Testing
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • International guidelines advocate for fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement via a single slow exhalation at 50 ml/sec.
  • Accurate FeNO measurement is crucial for diagnosing and managing airway inflammation, particularly in conditions like asthma.
  • Current methods can be challenging for certain patient groups, including young children and those with poor cooperation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel algorithm for calculating FeNO at 50 ml/sec from tidal breathing measurements.
  • To assess the correlation and agreement between FeNO values obtained using the new tidal breathing algorithm and the conventional single breath method.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 109 children aged 6-18 years underwent both single breath and tidal breathing FeNO measurements using an Eco Medics NO-analyser.
  • Measurements were performed in a randomized order to minimize bias.
  • A newly developed algorithm was applied to tidal breathing data to compute FeNO at 50 ml/sec.

Main Results:

  • Geometric mean FeNO values showed no significant difference between the single breath (21.0 ppb) and tidal breathing (20.0 ppb) techniques (P = 0.18).
  • An excellent intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.96 (0.94-0.97) was observed.
  • Moderate agreement was found, with a mean difference of 4% and 95% limits of agreement from -43% to +90%.

Conclusions:

  • The developed algorithm effectively transforms tidal breathing FeNO measurements to align with the standard 50 ml/sec single breath method.
  • This approach offers a viable alternative for standardized FeNO assessment in challenging populations, such as preschool children and uncooperative patients.
  • The findings support the potential for wider application of FeNO measurements in diverse pediatric populations.