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The Colloidal State

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...

Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Charge generation in low-polarity solvents: poly(ionic liquid)-functionalized particles.

Ghulam Hussain¹, Amy Robinson, Paul Bartlett

¹School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|February 14, 2013

Summary

Researchers developed a simple method to create highly charged poly(ionic liquid) particles. These stable, tunable nanoparticles are effective in nonpolar solvents, enabling new possibilities for electrostatic assembly.

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Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Developing functionalized nanoparticles for nonpolar solvents presents challenges.
Controlling particle surface charge and stability in nonpolar media is crucial for applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a straightforward synthesis strategy for highly charged poly(ionic liquid)-functionalized particles.
To demonstrate the tunability of particle surface potential and stability in low-polarity solvents.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of novel cationic ionic liquid monomers with methacrylate units.
Dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid in dodecane/hexane mixtures.
Characterization of particle size, monodispersity, electrophoretic mobility, and surface potential.

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized spherical, highly monodisperse poly(ionic liquid)-functionalized particles (~50-2500 nm).
Achieved high electrophoretic mobility and excellent stability in nonpolar solvents like dodecane.
Demonstrated tunable surface potential (0 to 180 ± 9 mV) by adjusting monomer ratios.

Conclusions:

The developed method offers a facile route to highly charged, stable nanoparticles in nonpolar solvents.
Tunable surface potential allows for precise control over particle interactions and assembly.
These particles hold promise for electrostatic assembly of nanoparticles and organized structures in nonpolar environments.