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Related Concept Videos

The Significance of Membrane Transport01:44

The Significance of Membrane Transport

The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
Transporters facilitate either an active or passive movement of solutes. They can allow a single-molecule transport down its...
Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
Electrical Transport01:29

Electrical Transport

The electrical transport property of a material is defined by its resistance and conductivity. Resistance is the measure of a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current, while conductivity gauges its ability to allow the current to pass through, depending on the geometry of the measurement cell, such as electrode spacing and area. Conductivity is measured in Siemens (S). There are different types of conductance, including specific conductance, equivalent conductance, and molar...
Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation01:28

Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation

The Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation is a cornerstone of physical chemistry, providing a method to determine the molar conductance (Λm) and molar conductance at infinite dilution (Λ°m) for uni-univalent electrolytes.Uni-univalent electrolytes are electrolytes that dissociate in solution to produce one cation with a +1 charge and one anion with a –1 charge per formula unit.This equation addresses two crucial phenomena: the asymmetry effect and the electrophoretic effect. According to this equation,...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
11:42

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

Edge-dependent transport properties in graphene.

Hidenori Goto1, Eri Uesugi, Ritsuko Eguchi

  • 1Research Laboratory for Surface Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan. p57f8bcq@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp

Nano Letters
|February 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Graphene

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanoscience

Background:

  • Graphene exhibits distinct electronic properties at its edges.
  • Zigzag edges host unique singular electronic states, unlike armchair edges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the impact of edge structure on transport properties in few-layer graphene.
  • Explore edge-dependent electronic behavior using gate voltage modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of few-layer graphene devices.
  • Application of side gate voltage using ionic liquid.
  • Characterization via micro-Raman spectroscopy mapping.

Main Results:

  • Devices with conductance peaks at the charge neutrality point were identified as having zigzag edges.

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Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials
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Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Published on: July 24, 2015

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection

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Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials
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Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

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  • Evidence of hopping transport between zigzag edges was observed.
  • Ionic liquid gating effectively modulated edge electronic properties.

    • Conclusions:

    • Graphene edge structure significantly influences electronic transport.
    • Zigzag edges facilitate unique transport phenomena, enhancing conductance.
    • Gate-controlled edge states offer potential for novel electronic devices.