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Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...

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Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

Epistaxis

Epistaxis

Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...

Asthma I: Introduction

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

[Chronic Rhinosinusitis - EPOS 2012 Part I].

H Riechelmann¹,

¹Universitätsklinik für Hals- Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde Innsbruck, Innsbruck. herbert.riechelmann@i-med.ac.at

Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie

|February 23, 2013

Summary

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory condition, not an infection, with two subtypes: CRS without polyps (CRSsNP) and CRS with polyps (CRSwNP). Management strategies are guided by symptom severity and include medical and surgical options.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

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Published on: March 3, 2023

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Published on: June 20, 2018

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Allergology
Immunology

Background:

Highlights the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS) 2012 guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
Emphasizes CRS as an inflammatory condition affecting 10% of Europeans, distinct from infection.
Introduces two primary CRS subtypes: CRS without polyps (CRSsNP) and CRS with polyps (CRSwNP).

Framework:

Discusses current pathogenetic knowledge, including epithelial/immune cell interactions, biofilm, and superantigen hypotheses.
Addresses comorbidities such as allergies, asthma, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD).
Outlines standard diagnostic procedures: medical history, nasal endoscopy, CT scans, and allergy testing.

Implementation:

Introduces disease severity classification (mild, moderate, severe) and symptom control (controlled, partly controlled, uncontrolled).
Defines 'difficult-to-treat-CRS' and presents evidence-based treatment algorithms.
Recommends conservative treatment with topical steroids for moderate-to-severe symptoms, with surgery for non-responders.

Implications:

Provides a structured approach for diagnosing and managing CRS for both general practitioners and ENT specialists.
Underscores the importance of recognizing and treating CRS subtypes and associated comorbidities.
Facilitates improved patient outcomes through standardized, evidence-based care pathways.