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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

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Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Pregnancy and vaccines.

Adrianne Racek¹, Peter Van Eerden

¹University of North Dakota Medical School, USA.

South Dakota Medicine : the Journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association

|March 1, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Vaccination during pregnancy protects mothers and babies. Healthcare providers can improve immunization rates by addressing patient concerns about vaccines like influenza and tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Ex vivo Culture of Human Placental Explants for the Study of Viral Transmission Across the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Ex vivo Culture of Human Placental Explants for the Study of Viral Transmission Across the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Published on: December 30, 2025

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Immunology
Public Health

Background:

Vaccination during pregnancy is crucial for maternal and infant health.
Current vaccination rates during pregnancy are suboptimal and present an opportunity for improvement.
Healthcare providers play a pivotal role in promoting maternal immunization.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current recommendations for vaccinations during pregnancy.
To outline strategies for healthcare providers to address patient concerns regarding immunizations.
To highlight the importance of specific vaccines, including influenza and tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap).

Main Methods:

Literature review of current vaccination guidelines and strategies.
Synthesis of information on vaccine safety and efficacy in pregnant populations.
Discussion of communication techniques for healthcare providers to address patient hesitancy.

Main Results:

Key vaccines recommended during pregnancy include influenza and Tdap.
Addressing patient concerns effectively can improve vaccination uptake.
Healthcare provider recommendation is a significant factor in patient decisions.

Conclusions:

Improving vaccination rates during pregnancy is achievable through enhanced provider-patient communication.
Routine immunization with influenza and Tdap vaccines is vital for protecting pregnant individuals and newborns.
Healthcare providers are essential in advocating for and facilitating maternal immunization.