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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

A Simple Flow Cytometric Method to Measure Glucose Uptake and Glucose Transporter Expression for Monocyte Subpopulations in Whole Blood
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A Simple Flow Cytometric Method to Measure Glucose Uptake and Glucose Transporter Expression for Monocyte Subpopulations in Whole Blood

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Diabetes and HIV: current understanding and future perspectives.

Sanjay Kalra1, Navneet Agrawal

  • 1Bharti Hospital, Kunjpura Road, Karnal 132001, India. brideknl@gmail.com

Current Diabetes Reports
|March 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Managing diabetes in patients with HIV is crucial due to increased infection risks. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can cause metabolic issues, complicating care and increasing cardiovascular risks.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease associated with increased infection risk.
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection significantly impacts diabetic patients, posing a major health concern.
  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed HIV into a chronic condition, leading to metabolic abnormalities like insulin resistance and diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current understanding of diabetes and metabolic abnormalities in HIV-infected patients.
  • To review management strategies for co-existent diabetes and HIV.
  • To highlight recent challenges in diagnosing and managing this dual condition.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on diabetes and HIV co-infection.
  • Analysis of metabolic complications associated with HAART.
  • Synthesis of current clinical guidelines and research findings.

Main Results:

  • HIV and diabetes co-infection increases risks for cardiovascular and renal complications.
  • Metabolic disturbances from HAART complicate diabetes management in HIV patients.
  • Effective management is essential to reduce mortality and morbidity.

Conclusions:

  • Appropriate management of co-existent diabetes and HIV is vital for improved patient outcomes.
  • Addressing metabolic abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals is critical.
  • Further research is needed to overcome diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.