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Related Concept Videos

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids01:02

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Acid Attack on Concrete01:21

Acid Attack on Concrete

When acids come into contact with concrete, they initiate a chemical reaction that dissolves the hydrated cement paste. This process leads to softening and structural weakening of the concrete. This issue is commonly observed in environments such as chimneys, sewers, and industrial settings. The severity of the damage increases as the pH of the water interacting with the concrete drops below 6.5. In particular, a pH under 4.5 can cause significant concrete damage.
The rate at which hydrogen...

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Carbon tetrachloride degradation by alkaline ascorbic acid solution.

Ya-Ting Lin1, Chenju Liang

  • 1Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan.

Environmental Science & Technology
|March 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Ascorbic acid (AA) effectively reduces carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in alkaline conditions, forming chloroform as a byproduct. Iron minerals enhance this reductive dechlorination, showing promise for chlorinated solvent remediation.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry
  • Remediation Technologies

Background:

  • Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a persistent environmental pollutant.
  • Reductive dechlorination is a key remediation strategy for chlorinated solvents.
  • Ascorbic acid (AA) is a potential reductant in environmental applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of ascorbic acid (AA) for carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) reduction in aqueous systems.
  • To explore the influence of pH and iron minerals on CCl4 degradation by AA.
  • To elucidate the reaction kinetics and transformation pathways of CCl4 reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of CCl4 reduction by AA across a wide pH range.
  • Analysis of CCl4 and chloroform (CHCl3) concentrations over time.
  • Kinetic analysis to determine reaction order and rate constants.
  • Assessment of iron mineral (Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeOOH, FeS2) effects on CCl4 reduction.

Main Results:

  • CCl4 was effectively reduced by AA at pH 13, producing CHCl3 as a byproduct.
  • Degradation and formation rates increased with higher AA concentrations.
  • Reaction kinetics followed an overall second-order reaction with a rate constant of 0.253 ± 0.018 M(-1) s(-1).
  • Iron minerals enhanced the CCl4 reduction rate at pH 13.
  • Simultaneous one- and two-electron transfer processes were indicated.

Conclusions:

  • Alkaline ascorbic acid solutions show significant potential for remediating carbon tetrachloride.
  • The presence of iron minerals can further enhance the efficiency of this remediation process.
  • Understanding the reaction pathways is crucial for optimizing CCl4 remediation strategies.