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Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Evaluating the Effect of SASP Factors on the Proliferation of Cancer Cells Using a Comparative Analysis of Three Distinct Methodologies
08:57

Evaluating the Effect of SASP Factors on the Proliferation of Cancer Cells Using a Comparative Analysis of Three Distinct Methodologies

Published on: September 19, 2025

Signaling pathways that control cell proliferation.

Robert J Duronio1, Yue Xiong

  • 1Department of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. duronio@med.unc.edu

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|March 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell cycle progression relies on signaling pathways regulating G1 phase. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control cell proliferation by phosphorylating pRB proteins, which in turn influence E2F transcription factors.

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Comparison of Three Different Methods for Determining Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cell Lines
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Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
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Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Evaluating the Effect of SASP Factors on the Proliferation of Cancer Cells Using a Comparative Analysis of Three Distinct Methodologies
08:57

Evaluating the Effect of SASP Factors on the Proliferation of Cancer Cells Using a Comparative Analysis of Three Distinct Methodologies

Published on: September 19, 2025

Comparison of Three Different Methods for Determining Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cell Lines
12:35

Comparison of Three Different Methods for Determining Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Published on: September 3, 2016

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cellular decisions to proliferate or enter quiescence are governed by signaling pathways.
  • These pathways integrate environmental cues with the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
  • Retinoblastoma (pRB) proteins are key regulators, repressing E2F transcription factors in quiescent or post-mitotic cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling cell cycle progression through G1 phase.
  • To understand how signaling pathways influence the activity of pRB and E2F.
  • To detail the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in cell proliferation control.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of signaling pathways involved in cell cycle regulation.
  • Investigation of pRB protein phosphorylation by G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
  • Examination of E2F transcription factor activity and its regulation.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorylation of pRB proteins by G1 CDKs releases E2F factors, driving the cell cycle into S phase.
  • CDK activity is modulated by cyclin binding and CDK inhibitors.
  • Mitogenic and antiproliferative signals impact cell proliferation via cyclin and CDK inhibitor regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Cell proliferation is tightly controlled by the interplay between signaling pathways, pRB, E2F, cyclins, and CDK inhibitors.
  • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is crucial for comprehending cell cycle control and potential therapeutic interventions.