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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Application of a Dual Upper Limb Task-Oriented Robotic System for the Functional Recovery of the Upper Limb in Stroke Patients
05:28

Application of a Dual Upper Limb Task-Oriented Robotic System for the Functional Recovery of the Upper Limb in Stroke Patients

Published on: October 11, 2024

Throwing injuries of the upper extremity.

Neel B Patel1, Stephen Thomas, Martin L Lazarus

  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2026, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Neel.Patel2@uchospitals.edu

Radiologic Clinics of North America
|March 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Overhead throwing athletes face shoulder and elbow injuries due to complex movements. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging and MR arthrography are key for diagnosing ligamentous, tendinous, neural, and osseous pathologies.

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Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation
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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Application of a Dual Upper Limb Task-Oriented Robotic System for the Functional Recovery of the Upper Limb in Stroke Patients
05:28

Application of a Dual Upper Limb Task-Oriented Robotic System for the Functional Recovery of the Upper Limb in Stroke Patients

Published on: October 11, 2024

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation
05:52

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Published on: March 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The overhead throwing motion is biomechanically complex, demanding coordinated muscle activation.
  • The shoulder and elbow joints experience significant multidirectional forces during this motion.
  • These forces increase the vulnerability of these joints to injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss potential pathologies in the shoulder and elbow of overhead-throwing athletes.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic utility of MR imaging and MR arthrography for these injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common injuries affecting overhead-throwing athletes.
  • Focus on ligamentous, tendinous, neural, and osseous conditions.
  • Highlighting the application and interpretation of MR imaging and MR arthrography.

Main Results:

  • Specific phases of the overhead throwing motion are critical for injury occurrence.
  • Various pathologies can affect the shoulder and elbow.
  • MR imaging and MR arthrography provide detailed visualization for diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the biomechanics of overhead throwing is crucial for injury prevention and diagnosis.
  • MR imaging and MR arthrography are indispensable tools for evaluating shoulder and elbow injuries in athletes.
  • Accurate diagnosis facilitates appropriate management and return-to-play protocols.