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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene

Published on: July 3, 2015

Triangle, square and delta-chain based cobalt tetrazolate magnets.

Ru-Xin Yao¹, Ying-Lian Qin, Fang Ji

¹School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, P R China.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)

|March 13, 2013

Summary

Three novel tetrazole-based frustrated magnets were synthesized and characterized. These compounds exhibit spin frustration, with magnetic studies revealing antiferromagnetism, spin canting, and long-range magnetic ordering.

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Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7−δ/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa₂Cu₃O₇₋_δ/ La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃ Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO₃ (STO) Single-crystal Substrates

Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Coordination Chemistry
Magnetism
Materials Science

Background:

Frustrated magnets exhibit complex magnetic behaviors due to competing interactions.
Tetrazole ligands offer versatile coordination modes for constructing magnetic materials.

Purpose of the Study:

Synthesize and characterize novel tetrazole-based coordination compounds.
Investigate the magnetic properties and spin frustration in these new materials.

Main Methods:

Hydrothermal synthesis of three cobalt-tetrazole complexes.
Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction.
Magnetic property measurements.

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized Co3(OH)2(3-ptz)2(SO4)(H2O)4 (1), Co2(OH)(tzba)(H2O)4 (2), and [Co(OH)(tta)] (3).
Compound 1 displays a 2D layered structure with triangular clusters.
Compounds 2 and 3 form 2D layers and 3D networks, respectively, featuring spin frustration.
Compound 1 shows antiferromagnetic behavior, while compounds 2 and 3 exhibit spin canting and long-range magnetic ordering.

Conclusions:

Novel tetrazole-based coordination compounds with diverse structures were developed.
Spin frustration was confirmed in these complexes due to geometric arrangements.
The synthesized materials demonstrate varied magnetic ordering phenomena, highlighting the tunability of magnetic properties.