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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice
06:40

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Published on: June 15, 2015

Olfactory assessment using the NIH Toolbox.

Pamela Dalton1, Richard L Doty, Claire Murphy

  • 1Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, USA. pdalton@pobox.upenn.edu

Neurology
|March 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new scratch-and-sniff odor identification test was developed for children and adults. This olfactory test is quick, easy to administer, and validated for various age groups.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The human olfactory system is crucial for well-being, but standardized odor identification tests often exclude young children.
  • Existing tests may use unfamiliar stimuli or require reading skills, limiting their applicability to pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate two versions of an odor identification test suitable for both children and adults.
  • To adapt existing test formats for a younger demographic and assess olfactory performance across age groups.

Main Methods:

  • Developed two scratch-and-sniff odor identification tests (5 odors for children, 9 for adults) based on established formats.
  • Participants matched standardized odor stimuli to corresponding pictures.
  • Conducted normative testing and validation studies.

Main Results:

  • The test is quick, completable in under 5 minutes for most participants.
  • Poorer performance was observed in the youngest children and the elderly, consistent with existing data.
  • Expanding the pediatric version enhanced ecological validity and allowed cross-developmental comparisons.

Conclusions:

  • The developed odor identification test is effective for assessing olfactory function in diverse age groups, including young children.
  • The test's design enhances ecological validity and facilitates developmental comparisons of olfactory abilities.
  • This tool aids in understanding olfactory perception across the lifespan.