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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis01:22

Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis

The electron transport chain is a critical component of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from reduced cofactors NADH and FADHâ‚‚ to molecular oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes is tightly coupled to the translocation of protons across the membrane, generating a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.Electron Flow and Proton...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane that undergo a series of redox reactions. At the end of this chain, the electrons reduce...
Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping
14:58

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

Published on: June 3, 2015

A two-atom electron pump.

B Roche1, R-P Riwar, B Voisin

  • 1SPSMS, UMR-E CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble F-38054, France.

Nature Communications
|March 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists achieved electron pumping through two phosphorus donors in a silicon nanowire. This breakthrough in nanoelectronic devices demonstrates precise control of single electrons, advancing quantum electronics.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum electronics
  • Nanofabrication
  • Solid-state physics

Background:

  • Single-atom transistors represent extreme miniaturization in nanofabrication.
  • Coupling multiple dopants in nanoelectronic devices offers promising functionalities.
  • Previous work enabled spectroscopy of donor states via d.c. electrical transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate single electron manipulation over two dopants in series.
  • To investigate electron pumping in a silicon nanowire with two phosphorus donors.
  • To explore the behavior of electron pumping in both adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a silicon nanowire with two serially implanted phosphorus donors.
  • Electrical transport measurements to demonstrate electron pumping.
  • Analysis of charge transfer dynamics, considering tunneling rates and Landau-Zener transitions.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of electron pumping through two serially coupled phosphorus donors.
  • Observation of quantized pumping in the low-frequency adiabatic regime.
  • Identification of non-adiabatic features at higher frequencies, limited by tunneling rates.
  • Modeling of quantum state transitions using Landau-Zener theory to explain observed signatures.

Conclusions:

  • Electron pumping over two donors in a silicon nanowire is achievable.
  • The study reveals distinct behaviors in adiabatic and non-adiabatic pumping regimes.
  • Landau-Zener transitions provide a framework for understanding non-adiabatic charge transfer dynamics in such systems.