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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
10:18

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

Quantitative X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography at 82 keV.

Marian Willner1, Martin Bech, Julia Herzen

  • 1Biomedical Physics, TU Munchen, 85748 Garching, Germany. marian.willner@ph.tum.de

Optics Express
|March 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging now operates at 82 keV, enabling detailed analysis of dense materials and teeth. This advancement offers improved contrast and simultaneous density/compositional information for biomedical applications.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
10:18

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Materials Science
  • Physics

Background:

  • Grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCi) is compatible with laboratory sources.
  • Previous XPCi applications were limited to X-ray energies below 40 keV, hindering the examination of dense or thick objects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of grating-based XPCi at higher X-ray energies (82 keV).
  • To assess the imaging performance and quantitative analysis capabilities of XPCi at 82 keV for both material and biomedical samples.

Main Methods:

  • Imaging of a test object with known materials and a human tooth at 82 keV using grating-based XPCi.
  • Quantitative analysis of linear attenuation coefficients and electron densities.
  • Comparison of contrast-to-noise ratios between phase contrast and conventional attenuation contrast imaging.

Main Results:

  • XPCi at 82 keV provided accurate measurements of linear attenuation coefficients and electron densities for well-defined materials.
  • Phase contrast imaging demonstrated superior contrast-to-noise ratios compared to attenuation contrast.
  • Simultaneous assessment of material density and composition (effective atomic number > 8) was achieved.
  • Differences in mass density and calcium concentration within teeth were successfully detected.

Conclusions:

  • Routine operation of grating-based XPCi at higher energies (82 keV) is feasible.
  • XPCi at 82 keV enhances imaging of dense objects and provides valuable quantitative data for materials and biomedical samples.
  • The combined use of phase and attenuation contrast offers comprehensive insights into material properties, including dental applications.