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Primary Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they...

Primary Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would not...

Primary Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would not...

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...

Secondary Active Transport

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...

Secondary Active Transport

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Contribution of the Na+/K+ Pump to Rhythmic Bursting, Explored with Modeling and Dynamic Clamp Analyses

Contribution of the Na⁺/K⁺ Pump to Rhythmic Bursting, Explored with Modeling and Dynamic Clamp Analyses

Published on: May 9, 2021

Is the second sodium pump electrogenic?

L E Thomas¹, M A Rocafull, J R Del Castillo

¹Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020 Districo Capital, Venezuela.

Biomed Research International

|March 14, 2013

Summary

This study reveals that the second sodium pump in epithelial cells functions electroneutrally, moving sodium and chloride stoichiometrically across the basolateral membrane. This clarifies the transport mechanism of epithelial sodium.

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Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters

Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters

Published on: February 3, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Contribution of the Na+/K+ Pump to Rhythmic Bursting, Explored with Modeling and Dynamic Clamp Analyses

Contribution of the Na⁺/K⁺ Pump to Rhythmic Bursting, Explored with Modeling and Dynamic Clamp Analyses

Published on: May 9, 2021

Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters

Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters

Published on: February 3, 2018

Area of Science:

Cellular Physiology
Ion Transport Mechanisms
Epithelial Biology

Background:

Transepithelial sodium transport is crucial for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
The basolateral membrane of epithelial cells houses key ion pumps, including the Na+/K+ pump.
The electrogenicity of a second, distinct sodium pump has been debated.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the electrogenic potential of the second sodium pump in MDCK cells.
To elucidate the role of chloride in the function of basolateral sodium transport.
To determine the transport stoichiometry and charge movement of the second sodium pump.

Main Methods:

Utilized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.
Employed amphotericin B to permeabilize the apical membrane.
Measured short-circuit current (Isc) in the presence and absence of chloride, using ouabain and furosemide as inhibitors.

Main Results:

In chloride-containing media, only the electrogenic Na+/K+ pump activity was detected.
In chloride-free media, a furosemide-sensitive component of Isc, alongside ouabain-sensitive activity, was observed.
Evidence suggests the second sodium pump facilitates passive chloride movement, regulated by the pump itself.

Conclusions:

The second sodium pump operates as an electroneutral mechanism.
Stoichiometric movement of sodium and chloride ions across the basolateral membrane characterizes the second sodium pump's function.
This finding clarifies the electroneutral nature of a key epithelial ion transport system.