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Updated: May 13, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
Published on: September 6, 2024
Advances in the detection of pulmonary embolism
Marieke Jha Kruip1, Frank Wg Leebeek
1Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Hematology, 's Gravendijkwal 230, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands +31 10 7033123 ; +31 10 7035814 ; m.kruip@erasmusmc.nl.
Background:
Diagnosing or excluding pulmonary embolism is a complex challenge. Many diagnostic instruments can be used in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism nowadays, all with their own (dis-)advantages. Methods/objectives: In this review, these (dis-)advantages are discussed for the following diagnostic instruments: clinical probability assessment, D-dimer concentration, the combination of clinical probability assessment and D-dimer concentration, bilateral compression ultrasonography, ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography, pulmonary angiography and magnetic resonance pulmonary angiography. A diagnostic strategy, which can be adjusted to local facilities, is provided and discussed.
Conclusion:
Using combinations of some of these diagnostic tools, many diagnostic strategies are possible and every hospital should make its own local protocol suited for the local situation.
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