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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: August 20, 2019

Spontaneous and task-evoked brain activity negatively interact.

Biyu J He1

  • 1National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. biyu.he@nih.gov

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|March 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain activity does not simply add up. Ongoing brain activity and evoked responses interact negatively, impacting how the brain processes tasks and information.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Human Brain Imaging

Background:

  • A common assumption in neuroscience is that spontaneous and task-evoked brain activity sum linearly.
  • This linear summation model suggests brain responses are a simple addition of ongoing and evoked activity.
  • This has been the traditional framework for analyzing brain activity in cognitive experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the validity of the linear summation assumption in human brain activity.
  • To explore the interaction between ongoing and task-evoked neural activity.
  • To understand the role of trial-to-trial variability in cognitive processing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals from human participants.
  • Analyzed the relationship between prestimulus ongoing activity and subsequent evoked responses.
  • Quantified trial-to-trial variability in cortical activity before and after stimulus onset.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that evoked activity negatively interacts with ongoing brain activity across widespread cortical areas.
  • Observed that higher prestimulus activity leads to reduced activation or increased deactivation.
  • Found that trial-to-trial variability decreases after stimulus onset, with distinct spatial patterns.
  • Showed that this variability reduction contains behaviorally relevant information.

Conclusions:

  • The linear summation model of brain activity is invalid.
  • Brain activity functions as a nonlinear dynamical system, with task performance tightening its trajectory.
  • Sensory stimuli modulate brain activity based on the brain's initial state.
  • Across-trial variability offers a novel approach for brain mapping in cognitive studies.