Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acid Mine Drainage01:19

Acid Mine Drainage

Mining activities that disturb sulfide-rich rocks, particularly those containing pyrite (FeS₂), initiate a cascade of geochemical and microbiological processes with serious environmental implications. When exposed to air and water, pyrite undergoes oxidation, releasing sulfate, ultimately forming sulfuric acid and mobilizing heavy metals into surrounding water systems. This phenomenon, known as acid mine drainage (AMD), results in low pH waters laden with toxic elements that threaten aquatic...
Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

Minor Losses in Pipes

In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
Valves play a significant role in generating minor losses by obstructing or redirecting the fluid flow. When a valve is closed or partially closed, it restricts the flow...
Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
Masonry Paving01:21

Masonry Paving

The construction of masonry paving involves using materials such as bricks, stones, and concrete masonry units. These materials are chosen for their shape, color, strength, and resistance to abrasion and weathering. Masonry units can be installed dry on a thin layer of sand and a gravel base, or they can be embedded in mortar or asphalt on a concrete slab. For areas subjected to heavy vehicular loads, a rigid base layer of reinforced or unreinforced concrete is recommended. In contrast,...
iChip01:24

iChip

The cultivation of environmental microorganisms has long been hindered by the inability to replicate complex native conditions in vitro. The isolation chip (iChip) addresses this limitation by facilitating the growth of previously uncultivable microorganisms through in situ incubation. Designed for high-throughput microbial cultivation, the iChip comprises hundreds of microchambers, each capable of housing a single microbial cell. These microchambers are loaded with a mixture of molten agar and...
The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Scabies control: the forgotten role of personal hygiene.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases·2018
Same author

Disease Priorities in Zambia.

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene·2016
Same author

Shared sanitation: to include or to exclude?

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·2016
Same author

Water- and wastewater-related disease and infection risks: what is an appropriate value for the maximum tolerable additional burden of disease?

Journal of water and health·2011
Same author

If it ain't broke, don't let them fix it.

Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis·2011
Same author

Sanitation and health.

PLoS medicine·2010

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Mesocosm-Scale Constructed Wetland Design for Wastewater Treatment
08:24

Mesocosm-Scale Constructed Wetland Design for Wastewater Treatment

Published on: May 2, 2025

Pits, pipes, ponds--and me.

Duncan Mara1

  • 1Institute for Pathogen Control Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. d.d.mara@leeds.ac.uk

Water Research
|March 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This paper summarizes a career focused on low-cost sanitation technologies (LCST) and wastewater treatment. It highlights advancements in

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Public Health
  • Water Resource Management

Background:

  • Decades of research and fieldwork in low-cost sanitation technologies (LCST) and wastewater treatment.
  • Focus on 'pits, pipes, and ponds' approach for sanitation and water reuse.
  • Extensive experience in developing countries and diverse geographical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a professional perspective on the historical development of LCST and wastewater treatment.
  • To share lessons learned from practical applications and fieldwork.
  • To recommend future directions for sustainable sanitation and water reuse strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of career experiences in sanitation and wastewater treatment projects.
  • Fieldwork in Zimbabwe, Brazil, Colombia, Portugal, and the United Kingdom.

More Related Videos

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation
10:05

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Published on: July 4, 2014

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research
09:10

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research

Published on: September 22, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Mesocosm-Scale Constructed Wetland Design for Wastewater Treatment
08:24

Mesocosm-Scale Constructed Wetland Design for Wastewater Treatment

Published on: May 2, 2025

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation
10:05

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Published on: July 4, 2014

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research
09:10

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research

Published on: September 22, 2021

  • Application of quantitative microbial risk analysis for wastewater reuse.

    • Main Results:

    • Development and dissemination of low-cost sanitation technologies like VIP latrines and condominial sewerage.
    • Advancements in low-cost wastewater treatment, particularly waste stabilization ponds and aerated rock filters.
    • Assessment of human health aspects and microbial risks associated with treated wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture.

    Conclusions:

    • Low-cost sanitation and wastewater treatment are crucial for public health and environmental sustainability.
    • Continued innovation and dissemination of effective technologies are needed.
    • A holistic approach integrating sanitation, treatment, and safe water reuse is essential for future development.