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Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment01:18

Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment

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Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated....
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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

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To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
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Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps

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The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail...
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Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Construction of a Low-cost Mobile Incubator for Field and Laboratory Use
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Construction of a Low-cost Mobile Incubator for Field and Laboratory Use

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Shared sanitation: to include or to exclude?

Duncan Mara1

  • 1Institute of Public Health and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK d.d.mara@leeds.ac.uk.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|May 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Shared sanitation, particularly neighbor-shared toilets, can be hygienic and should be classified as basic or safely-managed sanitation. This approach can help achieve Sustainable Development Goals for sanitation in urban slums.

Keywords:
Basic sanitationCleanlinessCommunity managementFaeco-oral diseaseShared sanitationUrban slums

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Environmental Engineering
  • Urban Planning

Background:

  • Over 600 million people globally used shared sanitation in 2015.
  • Shared sanitation is often unhygienic and not classified as 'basic sanitation' by WHO/UNICEF.
  • Neighbor-shared toilets demonstrate superior performance compared to large communal facilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for the reclassification of well-managed shared sanitation facilities.
  • To propose the adoption of community-managed sanitation models in urban slums.
  • To contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals for sanitation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on shared sanitation performance.
  • Analysis of successful community-designed, built, and managed sanitation projects in India.
  • Proposal for adaptation and adoption of these models in developing countries.

Main Results:

  • Community-managed, neighbor-shared sanitation blocks can be hygienic and effective.
  • Employing caretakers significantly improves facility hygiene.
  • Successful models exist for sustainable shared sanitation in resource-poor urban settings.

Conclusions:

  • Well-managed shared sanitation, especially neighbor-shared toilets, should be recognized as 'basic' or 'safely-managed' sanitation.
  • Adapting successful community models can improve sanitation access in urban slums.
  • This approach supports the global sanitation targets outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals.