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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

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Immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor clonality diagnostics.

Anton W Langerak1, Patricia Jta Groenen, J Han Jm van Krieken

  • 1Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Department of Immunology, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands +31 10 40 88089 ; +31 10 40 89456 ; a.langerak@erasmusmc.nl.

Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics
|March 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Clonality testing for lymphoid malignancies is now accessible with multiplex PCR. Accurate interpretation requires expertise and integration with pathology and immunophenotyping for reliable diagnoses.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Clonality testing for lymphoid malignancies is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
  • Standardized multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols for immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene analysis facilitate routine laboratory testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the essential expertise and biological knowledge required for accurate interpretation of Ig/TCR clonality data.
  • To identify and discuss potential immunobiologic and technical pitfalls that can lead to misinterpretation.
  • To emphasize the importance of integrating molecular data with histopathology and flow cytometry for a comprehensive diagnostic approach.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and established protocols for Ig/TCR gene analysis.
  • Discussion of common challenges and sources of error in clonality testing.
  • Exploration of multidisciplinary diagnostic models.

Main Results:

  • Multiplex PCR for Ig/TCR gene analysis is technically feasible in routine settings.
  • Interpretation of clonality data demands specialized knowledge of immunology and molecular biology.
  • Potential pitfalls in data interpretation include technical issues and biological variations.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate clonality diagnostics rely on both technical proficiency and biological understanding.
  • Integrating molecular findings with pathology and immunophenotyping is vital for reliable diagnoses.
  • A multidisciplinary approach ensures comprehensive data integration for optimal patient care.